이전 글에서 우리는 Toolchain을 빌드 하였습니다. 이번 시간에는 Root File System을 빌드 해보겠습니다.
Root File System Build
아래는 제가 작성한 Root File System을 빌드하는 스크립트입니다. root-file-system.sh로 아래 내용을 저장한 뒤, 실행하면 Root File System이 빌드 됩니다. 빌드 시간은 대략 3~5분 정도 소요됩니다.
빌드 과정은 크게 9개의 단계로 나누어져 있습니다:
- Step 1 : 루트 파일 시스템의 기본적인 디렉터리를 생성합니다.
-
Step 2 : 필수적인 파일(
passwd,shadow,group)을 생성합니다.-
passwd: 사용자 로그인 계정, UID, GID, 이름, 홈 디렉토리, 로그인 쉘이 저장되어 있습니다. -
shadow: 사용자 계정에 대한 암호화된 사용자 암호를 저장하고 있습니다. -
group: 그룹 목록과 그룹에 속한 사용자 목록이 저장되어 있습니다.
-
- Step 3 : GCC 라이브러리를 루트 파일 시스템으로 복사합니다.
- Step 4 : Glibc를 빌드하고, 루트 파일 시스템에 설치합니다.
-
Step 5 : Busybox를 빌드하고, 루트 파일 시스템에 설치합니다.
- Busybox : 리눅스 상에서 자주 사용되는 명령어들을 모은 프로그램입니다.
- 사용 가능한 명령어는 ‘Busybox 사이트‘의 ‘COMMANDS’를 참고하세요.
- Step 6 : Bootscript를 루트 파일 시스템에 설치합니다.
- Step 7 : 기본적인 네트워크 설정을 합니다.
- Step 8 : Shell 설정을 합니다.
-
Step 9 :
fstab파일을 생성합니다.-
fstab: 파일시스템 정보를 저장하고 있으며, 리눅스 부팅 시 마운트 정보를 저장하고 있습니다.
-
#!/bin/bash
#
# PiCLFS root file system build script
# Optional parameteres below:
set -o nounset
set -o errexit
export LC_ALL=POSIX
export PARALLEL_JOBS=`cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep cores | wc -l`
export CONFIG_TARGET="aarch64-linux-gnu"
export CONFIG_HOST=`echo ${MACHTYPE} | sed -e 's/-[^-]*/-cross/'`
export CONFIG_LINUX_ARCH="arm64"
export WORKSPACE_DIR=$PWD
export SOURCES_DIR=$WORKSPACE_DIR/sources
export OUTPUT_DIR=$WORKSPACE_DIR/out
export BUILD_DIR=$OUTPUT_DIR/build
export TOOLS_DIR=$OUTPUT_DIR/tools
export SYSROOT_DIR=$TOOLS_DIR/$CONFIG_TARGET/sysroot
export ROOTFS_DIR=$OUTPUT_DIR/rootfs
export CC="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-gcc"
export CXX="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-g++"
export AR="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-ar"
export AS="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-as"
export LD="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-ld"
export RANLIB="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-ranlib"
export READELF="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-readelf"
export STRIP="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-strip"
export PATH="$TOOLS_DIR/bin:$TOOLS_DIR/sbin:$PATH"
# End of optional parameters
function step() {
echo -e "\e[7m\e[1m>>> $1\e[0m"
}
function success() {
echo -e "\e[1m\e[32m$1\e[0m"
}
function error() {
echo -e "\e[1m\e[31m$1\e[0m"
}
function extract() {
case $1 in
*.tgz) tar -zxf $1 -C $2 ;;
*.tar.gz) tar -zxf $1 -C $2 ;;
*.tar.bz2) tar -jxf $1 -C $2 ;;
*.tar.xz) tar -Jxf $1 -C $2 ;;
esac
}
function check_environment {
if ! [[ -d $SOURCES_DIR ]] ; then
error "Please download tarball files!"
error "Run './01-download-packages.sh'"
exit 1
fi
}
function check_tarballs {
LIST_OF_TARBALLS="
busybox-1.31.1.tar.bz2
glibc-2.30.tar.xz
"
for tarball in $LIST_OF_TARBALLS ; do
if ! [[ -f $SOURCES_DIR/$tarball ]] ; then
error "Can't find '$tarball'!"
exit 1
fi
done
}
function timer {
if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then
echo $(date '+%s')
else
local stime=$1
etime=$(date '+%s')
if [[ -z "$stime" ]]; then stime=$etime; fi
dt=$((etime - stime))
ds=$((dt % 60))
dm=$(((dt / 60) % 60))
dh=$((dt / 3600))
printf '%02d:%02d:%02d' $dh $dm $ds
fi
}
check_environment
check_tarballs
total_build_time=$(timer)
rm -rf $BUILD_DIR $ROOTFS_DIR
mkdir -pv $BUILD_DIR $ROOTFS_DIR
step "[1/9] Create root file system directory."
rm -rf $ROOTFS_DIR
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/{boot,bin,dev,etc,lib,media,mnt,opt,proc,root,run,sbin,sys,tmp,usr}
ln -snvf lib $ROOTFS_DIR/lib64
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/dev/{pts,shm}
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/{network,profile.d}
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/network/{if-down.d,if-post-down.d,if-pre-up.d,if-up.d}
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/usr/{bin,lib,sbin}
ln -snvf lib $ROOTFS_DIR/usr/lib64
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/var/lib
step "[2/9] Creating Essential Files and Symlinks"
# Create /etc/passwd
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/passwd << "EOF"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/sh
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/false
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/false
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/false
sync:x:4:100:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/false
www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/false
operator:x:37:37:Operator:/var:/bin/false
nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/home:/bin/false
EOF
# Create /etc/shadow
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/shadow << "EOF"
root::10933:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
sys:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
sync:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
mail:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
www-data:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
operator:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
nobody:*:10933:0:99999:7:::
EOF
# Create /etc/passwd
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
daemon:x:1:
bin:x:2:
sys:x:3:
adm:x:4:
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:
mail:x:8:
kmem:x:9:
wheel:x:10:root
cdrom:x:11:
dialout:x:18:
floppy:x:19:
video:x:28:
audio:x:29:
tape:x:32:
www-data:x:33:
operator:x:37:
utmp:x:43:
plugdev:x:46:
staff:x:50:
lock:x:54:
netdev:x:82:
users:x:100:
nogroup:x:65534:
EOF
echo "Welcome to PiCLFS" > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/issue
ln -svf /proc/self/mounts $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/mtab
ln -svf /tmp $ROOTFS_DIR/var/cache
ln -svf /tmp $ROOTFS_DIR/var/lib/misc
ln -svf /tmp $ROOTFS_DIR/var/lock
ln -svf /tmp $ROOTFS_DIR/var/log
ln -svf /tmp $ROOTFS_DIR/var/run
ln -svf /tmp $ROOTFS_DIR/var/spool
ln -svf /tmp $ROOTFS_DIR/var/tmp
ln -svf /tmp/log $ROOTFS_DIR/dev/log
ln -svf /tmp/resolv.conf $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/resolv.conf
step "[3/9] Copy GCC 9.2.0 Library"
cp -v $TOOLS_DIR/$CONFIG_TARGET/lib64/libgcc_s* $ROOTFS_DIR/lib/
cp -v $TOOLS_DIR/$CONFIG_TARGET/lib64/libatomic* $ROOTFS_DIR/lib/
step "[4/9] Glibc 2.29"
extract $SOURCES_DIR/glibc-2.30.tar.xz $BUILD_DIR
mkdir -pv $BUILD_DIR/glibc-2.30/glibc-build
( cd $BUILD_DIR/glibc-2.30/glibc-build && \
CC="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-gcc" \
CXX="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-g++" \
AR="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-ar" \
AS="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-as" \
LD="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-ld" \
RANLIB="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-ranlib" \
READELF="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-readelf" \
STRIP="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-strip" \
CFLAGS="-O2 " CPPFLAGS="" CXXFLAGS="-O2 " LDFLAGS="" \
ac_cv_path_BASH_SHELL=/bin/bash \
libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes \
libc_cv_ssp=no \
$BUILD_DIR/glibc-2.30/configure \
--target=$CONFIG_TARGET \
--host=$CONFIG_TARGET \
--build=$CONFIG_HOST \
--prefix=/usr \
--enable-shared \
--without-cvs \
--disable-profile \
--without-gd \
--enable-obsolete-rpc \
--enable-kernel=4.19 \
--with-headers=$SYSROOT_DIR/usr/include )
make -j$PARALLEL_JOBS -C $BUILD_DIR/glibc-2.30/glibc-build
make -j$PARALLEL_JOBS install_root=$ROOTFS_DIR install -C $BUILD_DIR/glibc-2.30/glibc-build
rm -rf $BUILD_DIR/glibc-2.30
step "[5/9] Busybox 1.31.1"
extract $SOURCES_DIR/busybox-1.31.1.tar.bz2 $BUILD_DIR
make -j$PARALLEL_JOBS distclean -C $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1
make -j$PARALLEL_JOBS ARCH=$CONFIG_LINUX_ARCH defconfig -C $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1
make -j$PARALLEL_JOBS ARCH=$CONFIG_LINUX_ARCH CROSS_COMPILE="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-" -C $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1
make -j$PARALLEL_JOBS ARCH=$CONFIG_LINUX_ARCH CROSS_COMPILE="$TOOLS_DIR/bin/$CONFIG_TARGET-" CONFIG_PREFIX=$ROOTFS_DIR install -C $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1
if grep -q "CONFIG_UDHCPC=y" $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1/.config; then
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/usr/share/udhcpc
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/usr/share/udhcpc/default.script << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
# udhcpc script edited by Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>
[ -z "$1" ] && echo "Error: should be called from udhcpc" && exit 1
RESOLV_CONF="/etc/resolv.conf"
[ -e $RESOLV_CONF ] || touch $RESOLV_CONF
[ -n "$broadcast" ] && BROADCAST="broadcast $broadcast"
[ -n "$subnet" ] && NETMASK="netmask $subnet"
case "$1" in
deconfig)
/sbin/ifconfig $interface up
/sbin/ifconfig $interface 0.0.0.0
# drop info from this interface
# resolv.conf may be a symlink to /tmp/, so take care
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
grep -vE "# $interface\$" $RESOLV_CONF > $TMPFILE
cat $TMPFILE > $RESOLV_CONF
rm -f $TMPFILE
if [ -x /usr/sbin/avahi-autoipd ]; then
/usr/sbin/avahi-autoipd -k $interface
fi
;;
leasefail|nak)
if [ -x /usr/sbin/avahi-autoipd ]; then
/usr/sbin/avahi-autoipd -wD $interface --no-chroot
fi
;;
renew|bound)
if [ -x /usr/sbin/avahi-autoipd ]; then
/usr/sbin/avahi-autoipd -k $interface
fi
/sbin/ifconfig $interface $ip $BROADCAST $NETMASK
if [ -n "$router" ] ; then
echo "deleting routers"
while route del default gw 0.0.0.0 dev $interface 2> /dev/null; do
:
done
for i in $router ; do
route add default gw $i dev $interface
done
fi
# drop info from this interface
# resolv.conf may be a symlink to /tmp/, so take care
TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
grep -vE "# $interface\$" $RESOLV_CONF > $TMPFILE
cat $TMPFILE > $RESOLV_CONF
rm -f $TMPFILE
# prefer rfc3359 domain search list (option 119) if available
if [ -n "$search" ]; then
search_list=$search
elif [ -n "$domain" ]; then
search_list=$domain
fi
[ -n "$search_list" ] &&
echo "search $search_list # $interface" >> $RESOLV_CONF
for i in $dns ; do
echo adding dns $i
echo "nameserver $i # $interface" >> $RESOLV_CONF
done
;;
esac
HOOK_DIR="$0.d"
for hook in "${HOOK_DIR}/"*; do
[ -f "${hook}" -a -x "${hook}" ] || continue
"${hook}" "${@}"
done
exit 0
EOF
chmod -v 0755 $ROOTFS_DIR/usr/share/udhcpc/default.script
install -m 0755 -dv $ROOTFS_DIR/usr/share/udhcpc/default.script.d
fi
if grep -q "CONFIG_SYSLOGD=y" $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1/.config; then
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/S01logging << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
#
# Start logging
#
SYSLOGD_ARGS=-n
KLOGD_ARGS=-n
[ -r /etc/default/logging ] && . /etc/default/logging
start() {
printf "Starting logging: "
start-stop-daemon -b -S -q -m -p /var/run/syslogd.pid --exec /sbin/syslogd -- $SYSLOGD_ARGS
start-stop-daemon -b -S -q -m -p /var/run/klogd.pid --exec /sbin/klogd -- $KLOGD_ARGS
echo "OK"
}
stop() {
printf "Stopping logging: "
start-stop-daemon -K -q -p /var/run/syslogd.pid
start-stop-daemon -K -q -p /var/run/klogd.pid
echo "OK"
}
case "$1" in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart|reload)
stop
start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
esac
exit $?
EOF
chmod -v 0755 $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/S01logging
fi
if grep -q "CONFIG_FEATURE_TELNETD_STANDALONE=y" $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1/.config; then
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/S50telnet << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
#
# Start telnet....
#
TELNETD_ARGS=-F
[ -r /etc/default/telnet ] && . /etc/default/telnet
start() {
printf "Starting telnetd: "
start-stop-daemon -S -q -m -b -p /var/run/telnetd.pid \
-x /usr/sbin/telnetd -- $TELNETD_ARGS
[ $? = 0 ] && echo "OK" || echo "FAIL"
}
stop() {
printf "Stopping telnetd: "
start-stop-daemon -K -q -p /var/run/telnetd.pid \
-x /usr/sbin/telnetd
[ $? = 0 ] && echo "OK" || echo "FAIL"
}
case "$1" in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart|reload)
stop
start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
esac
exit $?
EOF
chmod -v 0755 $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/S50telnet
fi
cp -v $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1/examples/depmod.pl $TOOLS_DIR/bin/depmod.pl
rm -rf $BUILD_DIR/busybox-1.31.1
step "[6/9] Install Bootscript"
mkdir -pv $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/inittab << "EOF"
# /etc/inittab
#
# Copyright (C) 2001 Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
#
# Note: BusyBox init doesn't support runlevels. The runlevels field is
# completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
# sysvinit.
#
# Format for each entry: <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
#
# id == tty to run on, or empty for /dev/console
# runlevels == ignored
# action == one of sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, and once
# process == program to run
# Startup the system
::sysinit:/bin/mount -t proc proc /proc
::sysinit:/bin/mount -o remount,rw /
::sysinit:/bin/mkdir -p /dev/pts /dev/shm
::sysinit:/bin/mount -a
::sysinit:/sbin/swapon -a
null::sysinit:/bin/ln -sf /proc/self/fd /dev/fd
null::sysinit:/bin/ln -sf /proc/self/fd/0 /dev/stdin
null::sysinit:/bin/ln -sf /proc/self/fd/1 /dev/stdout
null::sysinit:/bin/ln -sf /proc/self/fd/2 /dev/stderr
::sysinit:/bin/hostname -F /etc/hostname
# now run any rc scripts
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
# Put a getty on the serial port
console::respawn:/sbin/getty -L console 0 vt100 # GENERIC_SERIAL
tty1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L tty1 0 vt100 # HDMI console
# Stuff to do for the 3-finger salute
#::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
# Stuff to do before rebooting
::shutdown:/etc/init.d/rcK
::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a
::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
EOF
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/rcK << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
# Stop all init scripts in /etc/init.d
# executing them in reversed numerical order.
#
for i in $(ls -r /etc/init.d/S??*) ;do
# Ignore dangling symlinks (if any).
[ ! -f "$i" ] && continue
case "$i" in
*.sh)
# Source shell script for speed.
(
trap - INT QUIT TSTP
set stop
. $i
)
;;
*)
# No sh extension, so fork subprocess.
$i stop
;;
esac
done
EOF
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/rcS << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
# Start all init scripts in /etc/init.d
# executing them in numerical order.
#
for i in /etc/init.d/S??* ;do
# Ignore dangling symlinks (if any).
[ ! -f "$i" ] && continue
case "$i" in
*.sh)
# Source shell script for speed.
(
trap - INT QUIT TSTP
set start
. $i
)
;;
*)
# No sh extension, so fork subprocess.
$i start
;;
esac
done
EOF
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/S20urandom << "EOF"
#! /bin/sh
#
# urandom This script saves the random seed between reboots.
# It is called from the boot, halt and reboot scripts.
#
# Version: @(#)urandom 1.33 22-Jun-1998 miquels@cistron.nl
#
[ -c /dev/urandom ] || exit 0
#. /etc/default/rcS
case "$1" in
start|"")
# check for read only file system
if ! touch /etc/random-seed 2>/dev/null
then
echo "read-only file system detected...done"
exit
fi
if [ "$VERBOSE" != no ]
then
printf "Initializing random number generator... "
fi
# Load and then save 512 bytes,
# which is the size of the entropy pool
cat /etc/random-seed >/dev/urandom
rm -f /etc/random-seed
umask 077
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/etc/random-seed count=1 \
>/dev/null 2>&1 || echo "urandom start: failed."
umask 022
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && echo "done."
;;
stop)
if ! touch /etc/random-seed 2>/dev/null
then
exit
fi
# Carry a random seed from shut-down to start-up;
# see documentation in linux/drivers/char/random.c
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && printf "Saving random seed... "
umask 077
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/etc/random-seed count=1 \
>/dev/null 2>&1 || echo "urandom stop: failed."
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && echo "done."
;;
*)
echo "Usage: urandom {start|stop}" >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
EOF
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/S40network << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
#
# Start the network....
#
# Debian ifupdown needs the /run/network lock directory
mkdir -p /run/network
case "$1" in
start)
printf "Starting network: "
/sbin/ifup -a
[ $? = 0 ] && echo "OK" || echo "FAIL"
;;
stop)
printf "Stopping network: "
/sbin/ifdown -a
[ $? = 0 ] && echo "OK" || echo "FAIL"
;;
restart|reload)
"$0" stop
"$0" start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
esac
exit $?
EOF
chmod -v 0755 $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/init.d/{rcK,rcS,S20urandom,S40network}
step "[7/9] General Network Configuration"
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/network/interfaces << "EOF"
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
pre-up /etc/network/nfs_check
wait-delay 15
EOF
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/network/nfs_check << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
# This allows NFS booting to work while also being able to configure
# the network interface via DHCP when not NFS booting. Otherwise, a
# NFS booted system will likely hang during DHCP configuration.
# Attempting to configure the network interface used for NFS will
# initially bring that network down. Since the root filesystem is
# accessed over this network, the system hangs.
# This script is run by ifup and will attempt to detect if a NFS root
# mount uses the interface to be configured (IFACE), and if so does
# not configure it. This should allow the same build to be disk/flash
# booted or NFS booted.
nfsip=`sed -n '/^[^ ]*:.* \/ nfs.*[ ,]addr=\([0-9.]\+\).*/s//\1/p' /proc/mounts`
if [ -n "$nfsip" ] && ip route get to "$nfsip" | grep -q "dev $IFACE"; then
echo Skipping $IFACE, used for NFS from $nfsip
exit 1
fi
EOF
chmod -v 0755 $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/network/nfs_check
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/network/if-pre-up.d/wait_iface << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
# In case we have a slow-to-appear interface (e.g. eth-over-USB),
# and we need to configure it, wait until it appears, but not too
# long either. IF_WAIT_DELAY is in seconds.
if [ "${IF_WAIT_DELAY}" -a ! -e "/sys/class/net/${IFACE}" ]; then
printf "Waiting for interface %s to appear" "${IFACE}"
while [ ${IF_WAIT_DELAY} -gt 0 ]; do
if [ -e "/sys/class/net/${IFACE}" ]; then
printf "\n"
exit 0
fi
sleep 1
printf "."
: $((IF_WAIT_DELAY -= 1))
done
printf " timeout!\n"
exit 1
fi
EOF
chmod -v 0755 $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/network/if-pre-up.d/wait_iface
echo "127.0.0.1 localhost" > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/hosts
echo "localhost" > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/hostname
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/protocols << "EOF"
# Internet (IP) protocols
#
# Updated from http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers and other
# sources.
ip 0 IP # internet protocol, pseudo protocol number
hopopt 0 HOPOPT # IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option [RFC1883]
icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol
igmp 2 IGMP # Internet Group Management
ggp 3 GGP # gateway-gateway protocol
ipencap 4 IP-ENCAP # IP encapsulated in IP (officially ``IP'')
st 5 ST # ST datagram mode
tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol
egp 8 EGP # exterior gateway protocol
igp 9 IGP # any private interior gateway (Cisco)
pup 12 PUP # PARC universal packet protocol
udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol
hmp 20 HMP # host monitoring protocol
xns-idp 22 XNS-IDP # Xerox NS IDP
rdp 27 RDP # "reliable datagram" protocol
iso-tp4 29 ISO-TP4 # ISO Transport Protocol class 4 [RFC905]
dccp 33 DCCP # Datagram Congestion Control Prot. [RFC4340]
xtp 36 XTP # Xpress Transfer Protocol
ddp 37 DDP # Datagram Delivery Protocol
idpr-cmtp 38 IDPR-CMTP # IDPR Control Message Transport
ipv6 41 IPv6 # Internet Protocol, version 6
ipv6-route 43 IPv6-Route # Routing Header for IPv6
ipv6-frag 44 IPv6-Frag # Fragment Header for IPv6
idrp 45 IDRP # Inter-Domain Routing Protocol
rsvp 46 RSVP # Reservation Protocol
gre 47 GRE # General Routing Encapsulation
esp 50 IPSEC-ESP # Encap Security Payload [RFC2406]
ah 51 IPSEC-AH # Authentication Header [RFC2402]
skip 57 SKIP # SKIP
ipv6-icmp 58 IPv6-ICMP # ICMP for IPv6
ipv6-nonxt 59 IPv6-NoNxt # No Next Header for IPv6
ipv6-opts 60 IPv6-Opts # Destination Options for IPv6
rspf 73 RSPF CPHB # Radio Shortest Path First (officially CPHB)
vmtp 81 VMTP # Versatile Message Transport
eigrp 88 EIGRP # Enhanced Interior Routing Protocol (Cisco)
ospf 89 OSPFIGP # Open Shortest Path First IGP
ax.25 93 AX.25 # AX.25 frames
ipip 94 IPIP # IP-within-IP Encapsulation Protocol
etherip 97 ETHERIP # Ethernet-within-IP Encapsulation [RFC3378]
encap 98 ENCAP # Yet Another IP encapsulation [RFC1241]
# 99 # any private encryption scheme
pim 103 PIM # Protocol Independent Multicast
ipcomp 108 IPCOMP # IP Payload Compression Protocol
vrrp 112 VRRP # Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol [RFC5798]
l2tp 115 L2TP # Layer Two Tunneling Protocol [RFC2661]
isis 124 ISIS # IS-IS over IPv4
sctp 132 SCTP # Stream Control Transmission Protocol
fc 133 FC # Fibre Channel
mobility-header 135 Mobility-Header # Mobility Support for IPv6 [RFC3775]
udplite 136 UDPLite # UDP-Lite [RFC3828]
mpls-in-ip 137 MPLS-in-IP # MPLS-in-IP [RFC4023]
manet 138 # MANET Protocols [RFC5498]
hip 139 HIP # Host Identity Protocol
shim6 140 Shim6 # Shim6 Protocol [RFC5533]
wesp 141 WESP # Wrapped Encapsulating Security Payload
rohc 142 ROHC # Robust Header Compression
EOF
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/protocols << "EOF"
# /etc/services:
# $Id: services,v 1.1 2004/10/09 02:49:18 andersen Exp $
#
# Network services, Internet style
#
# Note that it is presently the policy of IANA to assign a single well-known
# port number for both TCP and UDP; hence, most entries here have two entries
# even if the protocol doesn't support UDP operations.
# Updated from RFC 1700, ``Assigned Numbers'' (October 1994). Not all ports
# are included, only the more common ones.
tcpmux 1/tcp # TCP port service multiplexer
echo 7/tcp
echo 7/udp
discard 9/tcp sink null
discard 9/udp sink null
systat 11/tcp users
daytime 13/tcp
daytime 13/udp
netstat 15/tcp
qotd 17/tcp quote
msp 18/tcp # message send protocol
msp 18/udp # message send protocol
chargen 19/tcp ttytst source
chargen 19/udp ttytst source
ftp-data 20/tcp
ftp 21/tcp
fsp 21/udp fspd
ssh 22/tcp # SSH Remote Login Protocol
ssh 22/udp # SSH Remote Login Protocol
telnet 23/tcp
# 24 - private
smtp 25/tcp mail
# 26 - unassigned
time 37/tcp timserver
time 37/udp timserver
rlp 39/udp resource # resource location
nameserver 42/tcp name # IEN 116
whois 43/tcp nicname
re-mail-ck 50/tcp # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
re-mail-ck 50/udp # Remote Mail Checking Protocol
domain 53/tcp nameserver # name-domain server
domain 53/udp nameserver
mtp 57/tcp # deprecated
bootps 67/tcp # BOOTP server
bootps 67/udp
bootpc 68/tcp # BOOTP client
bootpc 68/udp
tftp 69/udp
gopher 70/tcp # Internet Gopher
gopher 70/udp
rje 77/tcp netrjs
finger 79/tcp
www 80/tcp http # WorldWideWeb HTTP
www 80/udp # HyperText Transfer Protocol
link 87/tcp ttylink
kerberos 88/tcp kerberos5 krb5 # Kerberos v5
kerberos 88/udp kerberos5 krb5 # Kerberos v5
supdup 95/tcp
# 100 - reserved
hostnames 101/tcp hostname # usually from sri-nic
iso-tsap 102/tcp tsap # part of ISODE.
csnet-ns 105/tcp cso-ns # also used by CSO name server
csnet-ns 105/udp cso-ns
# unfortunately the poppassd (Eudora) uses a port which has already
# been assigned to a different service. We list the poppassd as an
# alias here. This should work for programs asking for this service.
# (due to a bug in inetd the 3com-tsmux line is disabled)
#3com-tsmux 106/tcp poppassd
#3com-tsmux 106/udp poppassd
rtelnet 107/tcp # Remote Telnet
rtelnet 107/udp
pop-2 109/tcp postoffice # POP version 2
pop-2 109/udp
pop-3 110/tcp # POP version 3
pop-3 110/udp
sunrpc 111/tcp portmapper # RPC 4.0 portmapper TCP
sunrpc 111/udp portmapper # RPC 4.0 portmapper UDP
auth 113/tcp authentication tap ident
sftp 115/tcp
uucp-path 117/tcp
nntp 119/tcp readnews untp # USENET News Transfer Protocol
ntp 123/tcp
ntp 123/udp # Network Time Protocol
netbios-ns 137/tcp # NETBIOS Name Service
netbios-ns 137/udp
netbios-dgm 138/tcp # NETBIOS Datagram Service
netbios-dgm 138/udp
netbios-ssn 139/tcp # NETBIOS session service
netbios-ssn 139/udp
imap2 143/tcp # Interim Mail Access Proto v2
imap2 143/udp
snmp 161/udp # Simple Net Mgmt Proto
snmp-trap 162/udp snmptrap # Traps for SNMP
cmip-man 163/tcp # ISO mgmt over IP (CMOT)
cmip-man 163/udp
cmip-agent 164/tcp
cmip-agent 164/udp
xdmcp 177/tcp # X Display Mgr. Control Proto
xdmcp 177/udp
nextstep 178/tcp NeXTStep NextStep # NeXTStep window
nextstep 178/udp NeXTStep NextStep # server
bgp 179/tcp # Border Gateway Proto.
bgp 179/udp
prospero 191/tcp # Cliff Neuman's Prospero
prospero 191/udp
irc 194/tcp # Internet Relay Chat
irc 194/udp
smux 199/tcp # SNMP Unix Multiplexer
smux 199/udp
at-rtmp 201/tcp # AppleTalk routing
at-rtmp 201/udp
at-nbp 202/tcp # AppleTalk name binding
at-nbp 202/udp
at-echo 204/tcp # AppleTalk echo
at-echo 204/udp
at-zis 206/tcp # AppleTalk zone information
at-zis 206/udp
qmtp 209/tcp # The Quick Mail Transfer Protocol
qmtp 209/udp # The Quick Mail Transfer Protocol
z3950 210/tcp wais # NISO Z39.50 database
z3950 210/udp wais
ipx 213/tcp # IPX
ipx 213/udp
imap3 220/tcp # Interactive Mail Access
imap3 220/udp # Protocol v3
ulistserv 372/tcp # UNIX Listserv
ulistserv 372/udp
https 443/tcp # MCom
https 443/udp # MCom
snpp 444/tcp # Simple Network Paging Protocol
snpp 444/udp # Simple Network Paging Protocol
saft 487/tcp # Simple Asynchronous File Transfer
saft 487/udp # Simple Asynchronous File Transfer
npmp-local 610/tcp dqs313_qmaster # npmp-local / DQS
npmp-local 610/udp dqs313_qmaster # npmp-local / DQS
npmp-gui 611/tcp dqs313_execd # npmp-gui / DQS
npmp-gui 611/udp dqs313_execd # npmp-gui / DQS
hmmp-ind 612/tcp dqs313_intercell# HMMP Indication / DQS
hmmp-ind 612/udp dqs313_intercell# HMMP Indication / DQS
#
# UNIX specific services
#
exec 512/tcp
biff 512/udp comsat
login 513/tcp
who 513/udp whod
shell 514/tcp cmd # no passwords used
syslog 514/udp
printer 515/tcp spooler # line printer spooler
talk 517/udp
ntalk 518/udp
route 520/udp router routed # RIP
timed 525/udp timeserver
tempo 526/tcp newdate
courier 530/tcp rpc
conference 531/tcp chat
netnews 532/tcp readnews
netwall 533/udp # -for emergency broadcasts
uucp 540/tcp uucpd # uucp daemon
afpovertcp 548/tcp # AFP over TCP
afpovertcp 548/udp # AFP over TCP
remotefs 556/tcp rfs_server rfs # Brunhoff remote filesystem
klogin 543/tcp # Kerberized `rlogin' (v5)
kshell 544/tcp krcmd # Kerberized `rsh' (v5)
kerberos-adm 749/tcp # Kerberos `kadmin' (v5)
#
webster 765/tcp # Network dictionary
webster 765/udp
#
# From ``Assigned Numbers'':
#
#> The Registered Ports are not controlled by the IANA and on most systems
#> can be used by ordinary user processes or programs executed by ordinary
#> users.
#
#> Ports are used in the TCP [45,106] to name the ends of logical
#> connections which carry long term conversations. For the purpose of
#> providing services to unknown callers, a service contact port is
#> defined. This list specifies the port used by the server process as its
#> contact port. While the IANA can not control uses of these ports it
#> does register or list uses of these ports as a convienence to the
#> community.
#
nfsdstatus 1110/tcp
nfsd-keepalive 1110/udp
ingreslock 1524/tcp
ingreslock 1524/udp
prospero-np 1525/tcp # Prospero non-privileged
prospero-np 1525/udp
datametrics 1645/tcp old-radius # datametrics / old radius entry
datametrics 1645/udp old-radius # datametrics / old radius entry
sa-msg-port 1646/tcp old-radacct # sa-msg-port / old radacct entry
sa-msg-port 1646/udp old-radacct # sa-msg-port / old radacct entry
radius 1812/tcp # Radius
radius 1812/udp # Radius
radacct 1813/tcp # Radius Accounting
radacct 1813/udp # Radius Accounting
nfsd 2049/tcp nfs
nfsd 2049/udp nfs
cvspserver 2401/tcp # CVS client/server operations
cvspserver 2401/udp # CVS client/server operations
mysql 3306/tcp # MySQL
mysql 3306/udp # MySQL
rfe 5002/tcp # Radio Free Ethernet
rfe 5002/udp # Actually uses UDP only
cfengine 5308/tcp # CFengine
cfengine 5308/udp # CFengine
bbs 7000/tcp # BBS service
#
#
# Kerberos (Project Athena/MIT) services
# Note that these are for Kerberos v4, and are unofficial. Sites running
# v4 should uncomment these and comment out the v5 entries above.
#
kerberos4 750/udp kerberos-iv kdc # Kerberos (server) udp
kerberos4 750/tcp kerberos-iv kdc # Kerberos (server) tcp
kerberos_master 751/udp # Kerberos authentication
kerberos_master 751/tcp # Kerberos authentication
passwd_server 752/udp # Kerberos passwd server
krb_prop 754/tcp # Kerberos slave propagation
krbupdate 760/tcp kreg # Kerberos registration
kpasswd 761/tcp kpwd # Kerberos "passwd"
kpop 1109/tcp # Pop with Kerberos
knetd 2053/tcp # Kerberos de-multiplexor
zephyr-srv 2102/udp # Zephyr server
zephyr-clt 2103/udp # Zephyr serv-hm connection
zephyr-hm 2104/udp # Zephyr hostmanager
eklogin 2105/tcp # Kerberos encrypted rlogin
#
# Unofficial but necessary (for NetBSD) services
#
supfilesrv 871/tcp # SUP server
supfiledbg 1127/tcp # SUP debugging
#
# Datagram Delivery Protocol services
#
rtmp 1/ddp # Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
nbp 2/ddp # Name Binding Protocol
echo 4/ddp # AppleTalk Echo Protocol
zip 6/ddp # Zone Information Protocol
#
# Services added for the Debian GNU/Linux distribution
poppassd 106/tcp # Eudora
poppassd 106/udp # Eudora
mailq 174/tcp # Mailer transport queue for Zmailer
mailq 174/tcp # Mailer transport queue for Zmailer
omirr 808/tcp omirrd # online mirror
omirr 808/udp omirrd # online mirror
rmtcfg 1236/tcp # Gracilis Packeten remote config server
xtel 1313/tcp # french minitel
coda_opcons 1355/udp # Coda opcons (Coda fs)
coda_venus 1363/udp # Coda venus (Coda fs)
coda_auth 1357/udp # Coda auth (Coda fs)
coda_udpsrv 1359/udp # Coda udpsrv (Coda fs)
coda_filesrv 1361/udp # Coda filesrv (Coda fs)
codacon 1423/tcp venus.cmu # Coda Console (Coda fs)
coda_aux1 1431/tcp # coda auxiliary service (Coda fs)
coda_aux1 1431/udp # coda auxiliary service (Coda fs)
coda_aux2 1433/tcp # coda auxiliary service (Coda fs)
coda_aux2 1433/udp # coda auxiliary service (Coda fs)
coda_aux3 1435/tcp # coda auxiliary service (Coda fs)
coda_aux3 1435/udp # coda auxiliary service (Coda fs)
cfinger 2003/tcp # GNU Finger
afbackup 2988/tcp # Afbackup system
afbackup 2988/udp # Afbackup system
icp 3130/tcp # Internet Cache Protocol (Squid)
icp 3130/udp # Internet Cache Protocol (Squid)
postgres 5432/tcp # POSTGRES
postgres 5432/udp # POSTGRES
fax 4557/tcp # FAX transmission service (old)
hylafax 4559/tcp # HylaFAX client-server protocol (new)
noclog 5354/tcp # noclogd with TCP (nocol)
noclog 5354/udp # noclogd with UDP (nocol)
hostmon 5355/tcp # hostmon uses TCP (nocol)
hostmon 5355/udp # hostmon uses TCP (nocol)
ircd 6667/tcp # Internet Relay Chat
ircd 6667/udp # Internet Relay Chat
webcache 8080/tcp # WWW caching service
webcache 8080/udp # WWW caching service
tproxy 8081/tcp # Transparent Proxy
tproxy 8081/udp # Transparent Proxy
mandelspawn 9359/udp mandelbrot # network mandelbrot
amanda 10080/udp # amanda backup services
amandaidx 10082/tcp # amanda backup services
amidxtape 10083/tcp # amanda backup services
isdnlog 20011/tcp # isdn logging system
isdnlog 20011/udp # isdn logging system
vboxd 20012/tcp # voice box system
vboxd 20012/udp # voice box system
binkp 24554/tcp # Binkley
binkp 24554/udp # Binkley
asp 27374/tcp # Address Search Protocol
asp 27374/udp # Address Search Protocol
tfido 60177/tcp # Ifmail
tfido 60177/udp # Ifmail
fido 60179/tcp # Ifmail
fido 60179/udp # Ifmail
# Local services
EOF
step "[8/9] The Bash Shell Startup Files"
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/profile << "EOF"
export PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
if [ "$PS1" ]; then
if [ "`id -u`" -eq 0 ]; then
export PS1='# '
else
export PS1='$ '
fi
fi
export PAGER='/bin/more'
export EDITOR='/bin/vi'
# Source configuration files from /etc/profile.d
for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
if [ -r "$i" ]; then
. $i
fi
done
unset i
EOF
echo "umask 022" > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/profile.d/umask.sh
step "[9/9] Creating the /etc/fstab File"
cat > $ROOTFS_DIR/etc/fstab << "EOF"
# <file system> <mount pt> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/root / ext2 rw,noauto 0 1
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts defaults,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=0666 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs mode=0777 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs mode=1777 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs mode=0755,nosuid,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
EOF
success "\nTotal root file system build time: $(timer $total_build_time)\n"
빌드에 성공하면 아래와 같은 화면이 출력됩니다.
다음 글에서는 Raspberry Pi의 커널을 크로스 컴파일하여 빌드 해봅시다.